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Related Concept Videos

Coagulation01:06

Coagulation

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Colloidal solids are solid particles suspended in solution. They are usually negatively charged, attracting a compact primary layer of positively charged ions, which attract more counterions to form an electrical double layer. Electrostatic repulsion between the charged double layers prevents the particles from colliding, stabilizing the colloids. These solids are often undesirable because they can contain toxins that are difficult to remove. Coagulation is a technique that helps aggregate and...
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Colloidal precipitates01:09

Colloidal precipitates

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The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
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Factors Affecting Solubility04:01

Factors Affecting Solubility

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Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
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Controlled-Potential Coulometry: Electrolytic Methods01:17

Controlled-Potential Coulometry: Electrolytic Methods

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Controlled-potential coulometry, also known as potentiostatic coulometry, employs a three-electrode system in which the working electrode's potential is precisely regulated using a potentiostat. Platinum working electrodes are utilized for positive potentials, while mercury pool electrodes are favored for extremely negative potentials. The platinum counter electrode is separated from the analyte using a membrane or salt bridge to avoid interference in the analysis.
The chosen potential...
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Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

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Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
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Determining the pH of Salt Solutions04:08

Determining the pH of Salt Solutions

46.7K
The pH of a salt solution is determined by its component anions and cations. Salts that contain pH-neutral anions and the hydronium ion-producing cations form a solution with a pH less than 7. For example, in ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) solution, NO3− ions do not react with water whereas NH4+ ions produce the hydronium ions resulting in the acidic solution.  In contrast, salts that contain pH-neutral cations and the hydroxide ion-producing anions form a solution with a pH greater than 7. For...
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A novel method for pH mediated electroflocculation in saltwater systems.

Galen Dennis1, Devin A J Karns1, Matthew C Posewitz1

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Electroflocculation using a membrane protected non-sacrificial anode effectively flocculates microalgae. This method enhances cell settling and simplifies harvesting, overcoming challenges with small, slow-settling species like Picochlorum celeri.

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology and Bioengineering
  • Sustainable Resource Management
  • Aquaculture and Algal Cultivation

Background:

  • Microalgae are a valuable resource for biomass, feed, food, and fuels.
  • Harvesting microalgae is challenging due to low cell concentrations and small sizes.
  • Electroflocculation offers a simple method for microalgal harvesting but can damage cells in seawater.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a method for protecting microalgal cells from oxidative damage during electroflocculation in seawater.
  • To improve the harvesting efficiency of difficult-to-settle microalgal strains.
  • To assess the energy requirements for membrane-protected electroflocculation.

Main Methods:

  • Integration of a regenerated cellulose membrane into an electroflocculation system using non-sacrificial anodes (graphite or titanium).
  • Testing the technique on the saltwater microalga Picochlorum celeri TG2.
  • Measurement of clarification, settling velocity, compaction factor, and energy consumption.

Main Results:

  • The membrane protected microalgal cells from oxidative damage caused by Cl2 and chloride compounds.
  • Achieved approximately 95% clarification and a compaction factor below 0.2 for Picochlorum celeri TG2.
  • Reported energy consumption values, with the best volumetric energy consumption at 3.1 kWh/m³ and biomass energy requirement at 3.0 kWh/kg.

Conclusions:

  • Membrane-protected electroflocculation is a viable technique for efficient microalgal harvesting, especially for challenging species.
  • The method simplifies harvesting by significantly increasing settling efficiency.
  • The energy efficiency is suitable for integration into continuous microalgal biomass production processes.