Review of Low-Temperature Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used in consumer electronics, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems due to their high energy density, long cycle life, and low environmental impact. However, the performance of LIBs is inadequate at low temperatures (below 0°C), as evidenced by the reduced capacity, low power output, and shorter cycle life. This is principally due to ineffective electrode material interfacial dynamics, an increased electrolyte viscosity, and an associated increase in the electrode/electrolyte interfacial impedance. The capability of anode materials to store and release lithium ions at low temperatures directly affects the battery's overall performance. Therefore, improving the low temperatures performance of LIBs requires a comprehensive understanding of anode materials in low-temperature environments. In this paper, we review the current state-of-the-art in low-temperature anode materials, analyze the factors that affect performance, and discuss possible optimization strategies and future research directions.