Experimental determination of beam quality correction factors in scanned proton beams using water calorimetry

Objective.To measure beam quality correction factors (kQ) in single-layer scanned proton beams using water calorimetry for three ionization chamber types commonly used in clinical proton dosimetry.Approach.Measurements were performed at two proton therapy centers using clinical proton beams with nominal energies of 150, 220 and 226 MeV, at a reference depth of 4 cm. ThekQ-factors were obtained by comparing absorbed dose-to-water determinations from a water calorimeter with ionization chamber readings under identical conditions. Three ionization chamber models were investigated: the IBA FC65-G (cylindrical), PPC05 and PPC40 (plane-parallel). Two independent calorimeter setups were used across three measurement campaigns.Main results.The measuredkQ-factors showed strong agreement with current TRS-398 Rev. 1 (2024) recommendations and literature data. For the FC65-G chamber, excellent alignment was observed with previous water calorimetry-based measurements. For the PPC40 chamber, both chambers yielded consistent results within 0.5% of TRS-398 Rev. 1. For the PPC05 chambers, a maximum deviation of 1.4% was observed relative to TRS-398 Rev. 1, and inter-chamber variability was within 0.5%. The use of two calorimeter setups yielded consistent results within 0.2%, supporting their validity.Significance.This study presents new experimentalkQ-factors for ionization chambers in single-layer scanned proton beams, contributing to the currently scarce experimental database, providing further validation of the TRS-398 Rev. 1 (2024) recommendations, and supplying benchmark data for future Monte Carlo-basedkQcalculations.