Recent advances in the neurogenomics of autism spectrum disorder

Neurogenomics has provided exceptional insights into the genetic architecture underlying autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which is increasingly understood as a collection of individually rare disorders. This review synthesizes current advancements in the field, examining how both rare and common genetic variants contribute to ASD etiology. To functionally interpret the convergence on biological pathways that has emerged despite this genetic heterogeneity, multiomic approaches have been applied to identify gene regulatory networks disrupted in ASD. High-throughput technologies, such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) editing and massively parallel reporter assays, have been employed in human induced pluripotent stem cells and organoids to bridge the gap between genetic association and biological function. Finally, machine learning methods play a pivotal role in integrating and leveraging these complex datasets to inform personalized interventions.