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Brain Imaging

Brain Imaging

Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
These technologies include computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scans), positron-emission tomography (PET scans), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and Transcranial Magnetic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 16, 2026

A Multimodal Imaging- and Stimulation-based Method of Evaluating Connectivity-related Brain Excitability in Patients with Epilepsy

A Multimodal Imaging- and Stimulation-based Method of Evaluating Connectivity-related Brain Excitability in Patients with Epilepsy

Published on: November 13, 2016

Considering brain state for individualized functional connectivity-based rTMS.

Hallee Shearer¹, Jeffrey Eilbott², Fidel Vila-Rodriguez^3,4

¹Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States.

Imaging Neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)

|January 15, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Optimizing repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) requires considering brain state during target identification. Incorporating task-based or movie-watching states may enhance the reliability of individualized rTMS targets.

Keywords:

brain state naturalistic neuroimaging neurostimulation precision psychiatry transcranial magnetic stimulation

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Last Updated: Jan 16, 2026

A Multimodal Imaging- and Stimulation-based Method of Evaluating Connectivity-related Brain Excitability in Patients with Epilepsy

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Published on: November 13, 2016

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Published on: August 20, 2019

Localizing Function-specific Targets for Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in the Absence of Navigation Equipment

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Published on: May 23, 2025

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Medical Imaging
Neuromodulation

Background:

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) efficacy is often optimized using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) for target localization.
Current rTMS target discovery and localization methods typically use resting-state brain activity, potentially overlooking crucial state-dependent effects.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the importance of brain state during target discovery and localization for individualized rTMS.
To explore how manipulating brain state could improve the reliability of rTMS targets.

Main Methods:

Review of interdisciplinary literature on brain state and TMS.
Exploratory cross-state analyses of fMRI data.
Consideration of task-based or stimulus-driven paradigms to constrain brain state.

Main Results:

Evidence suggests TMS effects are sensitive to the brain's state at the time of stimulation.
Brain state has been largely overlooked in current individualized rTMS target localization protocols.
Manipulating brain state offers potential for more reliable rTMS targeting.

Conclusions:

Individualized rTMS target selection should account for brain state.
Constraining brain state through tasks or stimuli may enhance the precision and efficacy of rTMS treatments.
Future research should explore state-dependent targeting for improved clinical outcomes.