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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

$Subcutaneous Trigeminal Nerve Field Stimulation for Refractory Facial Pain$

Subcutaneous Trigeminal Nerve Field Stimulation for Refractory Facial Pain

Published on: May 10, 2017

Implantable Pulse Generator Site Pain Following Spinal Cord Stimulation: A Case-Control Study.

Jordan L W Lam¹, Kyle J Loi, Varsha Vedapudi

¹Department of Neurosurgery, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.

Operative Neurosurgery (Hagerstown, Md.)

|January 15, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Younger age and female sex are key risk factors for implantable pulse generator site pain (IPGSP) after spinal cord stimulation. Other factors like BMI or socioeconomic status were not associated with IPGSP.

Keywords:

Battery Implantable pulse generator site pain Implantation Replacement Revision Spinal cord stimulation

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Published on: October 20, 2021

Area of Science:

Neurosurgery
Pain Management
Medical Device Complications

Background:

Implantable pulse generator site pain (IPGSP) is a complication of spinal cord stimulator (SCS) implantation.
Optimal IPGSP prevention strategies are unclear, with limited data on predisposing factors.
Existing research is primarily based on uncontrolled retrospective case series.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate factors associated with implantable pulse generator site pain (IPGSP) following spinal cord stimulation.
To identify demographic, medical, and surgical characteristics linked to IPGSP.
To address the paucity of data on IPGSP risk factors.

Main Methods:

Retrospective chart review of patients undergoing IPG surgery for SCS between January 2000 and February 2021.
Utilized Current Procedural Terminology codes (63685, 63688) to identify relevant cases.
Compared demographic, medical, and surgical data of IPGSP cases with age- and gender-matched controls.

Main Results:

Of 615 patients, 29 experienced IPGSP requiring revision or removal.
Patients with IPGSP were younger (mean age 47.2 vs. 51.2 years) and disproportionately female (76% vs. 52%).
No significant differences found in BMI, pain etiology, pain duration, opioid use, psychiatric comorbidities, substance abuse, financial compensation, surgical approach, or IPG location when controlling for age and gender.

Conclusions:

Younger age and female sex are significant risk factors for IPGSP.
No association found between IPGSP and BMI, or other demographic, socioeconomic, or medical factors after controlling for age and gender.
Highlights the need for larger, prospective studies to identify IPGSP reduction strategies.