Advances in targeted nutrient delivery: materials design and mechanistic perspectives for precision nutrition

The challenges posed by the bioavailability and stability of bioactive nutrients due to modern dietary deficiencies and chronic diseases remain significant. Among these, targeted delivery of nutrients is considered a key effective technology to address these challenges. To address these challenges, this review summarizes recent advances in the design of targeted delivery systems that enhance the in vivo absorption, stability, and controlled release of soluble, insoluble, and amphiphilic nutrients. Four representative carrier systems-biopolymer-based nanoparticles, emulsions, hydrogels, and fiber matrices-are critically discussed regarding their structural characteristics, delivery mechanisms, and performance in overcoming gastrointestinal degradation, solubility limitations, and biocompatibility issues. Although not all carrier systems rely on nanotechnology, nanoscale structural engineering offers significant advantages by increasing interfacial area, enhancing encapsulation efficiency, and facilitating transmembrane absorption. Therefore, future development should focus on integrating nanotechnology with multi-responsive, biocompatible, and sustainable materials to construct intelligent delivery platforms capable of responding to pH, enzymatic, and redox stimuli. Furthermore, research should prioritize scalability, cost-effectiveness, and regulatory safety, bridging laboratory innovation with industrial production. These innovations aim to further bridge the gap between laboratory work and commercial applications and advance the development of personalized nutrition and functional foods. The integration of multiple disciplines will further optimize nutrient bioavailability and provide practical dietary intervention approaches for sustainable and precision nutrition.