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Updated: Jan 18, 2026
Dual-Task Stroop Paradigm for Detecting Cognitive Deficits in High-Functioning Stroke Patients
Published on: December 16, 2022
Determinants of post-stroke cognitive impairment and dementia: association with objective measures and
Lara C Oliveira1, Anna K Bonkhoff1, Ana Ponciano1
1J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
Background:
Post-stroke cognitive impairment and dementia (PSCID) is a sequel of ischemic stroke (IS), highly prevalent and linked to poor long-term outcomes. Thus, early recognition of the clinical determinants of PSCID is urgent for identifying high-risk individuals who are susceptible to PSCID. And investigating objective measures of PSCID in relation to patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) is essential for understanding the impact of IS. Here we identify the clinical determinants associated with PSCID and the relationship of PSCID to patient-reported outcomes in a population with IS.
Methods:
This was a cohort study. We enrolled 138 patients who were admitted to our hospital between February 2017 and February 2020, with IS and no pre-stroke diagnosis of dementia. Clinical variables were acquired on admission. At 3 months, patients underwent a follow-up evaluation including the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS), modified Rankin scale (mRS), Barthel Index (BI), and PROMs, using the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement information System Global Health (PROMIS GH). MCI/Dementia was defined as a TICS score of <36. Regression analyses were used to identify clinical, functional, and patient-reported outcome determinants of the 3-month TICS score. Analyses were adjusted for age, stroke severity, and prior IS.
Results:
At follow-up, 113 participants (82%) were found to have MCI/Dementia. Patients with PSCID were more likely to be older, and at 3-months post-stroke they had lower rates of PROMIS GH T Mental (mean 47.69 vs. 52.13) and T Physical (mean 46.75 vs. 50.64). In multivariable linear regression analyses, increasing age (β = -0.07, p = 0.03) and Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD; β = -3.60, p = 0.03) were independently associated with a lower TICS score. Functional and patient-reported outcomes were also associated with worse TICS, including mRS ≥ 2, BI, T Mental, Global Mental, T Physical, and Global Physical in adjusted analyses. Individual components of PROMs were also associated with TICS, including quality of life, mental health, social satisfaction, and physical activities.
Conclusions:
In patients with IS, increased age and a pre-admission diagnosis of PAD are independently associated with worse objective measures of PSCID. Worse functional and patient-reported outcomes are also strongly linked to PSCID.
