Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Classification of Bones01:18

Classification of Bones

9.6K
The bones of the human skeletal system are of varied shapes, sizes, and functions. They can be classified based on their shape and function into four major classes: long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Some classifications include a fifth type, the sesamoid bones, as a separate class, whereas others categorize them under short bones.
Long and Short Bones
The appendicular skeleton, particularly the upper and lower limbs, is primarily made of long and short bones. The...
9.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Reference Lines and Angles of the Upper Arm.

Strategies in trauma and limb reconstruction·2025
Same author

Ankle arthrodesis through minimally-invasive transfibular approach: a new surgical technique.

European journal of orthopaedic surgery & traumatology : orthopedie traumatologie·2024
Same author

Distraction osteogenesis in combined sequential use of external fixation and nailing (lengthening and then nailing): An experimental study in rabbits.

Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society·2024
Same author

Universal Long Bone Nonunion Classification.

Strategies in trauma and limb reconstruction·2024
Same author

Knee Joint Bone Defects: Reconstruction With Bone Transport and Arthrodesis.

The Journal of arthroplasty·2021
Same author

A case report of extensive segmental defect of the humerus treated with Masquelet technique.

Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery·2020
Same journal

Guideline-concordant cefazolin prophylaxis in penicillin allergy labeled arthroplasty patients: Progress and persistent barriers.

Journal of clinical orthopaedics and trauma·2026
Same journal

Association of preoperative modified frailty Index-5 with 30-day mortality and complications in elderly hip fracture surgery: A prospective observational study.

Journal of clinical orthopaedics and trauma·2026
Same journal

Haemorrhage control and definitive fixation strategies in unstable pelvic ring fractures: Integrating damage control and endovascular techniques A narrative review.

Journal of clinical orthopaedics and trauma·2026
Same journal

Dual mobility versus fixed bearings in complex primary total hip arthroplasty: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Journal of clinical orthopaedics and trauma·2026
Same journal

What can be learned from 90 years of published literature on anterior-inferior hip dislocations in pediatrics?

Journal of clinical orthopaedics and trauma·2026
Same journal

Robotic-assisted total hip replacement using direct anterior approach.

Journal of clinical orthopaedics and trauma·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 18, 2026

Cortical Bone Assessment Using Ultrasonic Guided Waves: A Reproducibility Study in a Healthy Population
09:02

Cortical Bone Assessment Using Ultrasonic Guided Waves: A Reproducibility Study in a Healthy Population

Published on: January 31, 2025

1.5K

Multicenter reliability study of the universal long bone nonunion classification.

Anton A Semenistyy1, Leonid N Solomin2, Artem V Komarov3

  • 1Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Blvd. Akad Ivan Geshov 15, Sofia, 1431, Bulgaria.

Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma
|January 16, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Universal Long Bone Nonunion Classification (ULBNC) demonstrates high reliability and reproducibility for classifying long bone nonunions. This new system, incorporating clinical factors, offers improved accuracy over the Weber-Cech classification.

Keywords:
ClassificationDelayed unionHypertrophicNonunionNormotrophicOligotrophicPseudoarthrosisValidation

More Related Videos

Longitudinal Micro-Computed Tomography Image Analysis for User-Defined Region of Interest in Critical-Sized Bone Defects
08:39

Longitudinal Micro-Computed Tomography Image Analysis for User-Defined Region of Interest in Critical-Sized Bone Defects

Published on: June 24, 2025

560
A Reliable and Reproducible Critical-Sized Segmental Femoral Defect Model in Rats Stabilized with a Custom External Fixator
08:20

A Reliable and Reproducible Critical-Sized Segmental Femoral Defect Model in Rats Stabilized with a Custom External Fixator

Published on: March 24, 2019

9.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 18, 2026

Cortical Bone Assessment Using Ultrasonic Guided Waves: A Reproducibility Study in a Healthy Population
09:02

Cortical Bone Assessment Using Ultrasonic Guided Waves: A Reproducibility Study in a Healthy Population

Published on: January 31, 2025

1.5K
Longitudinal Micro-Computed Tomography Image Analysis for User-Defined Region of Interest in Critical-Sized Bone Defects
08:39

Longitudinal Micro-Computed Tomography Image Analysis for User-Defined Region of Interest in Critical-Sized Bone Defects

Published on: June 24, 2025

560
A Reliable and Reproducible Critical-Sized Segmental Femoral Defect Model in Rats Stabilized with a Custom External Fixator
08:20

A Reliable and Reproducible Critical-Sized Segmental Femoral Defect Model in Rats Stabilized with a Custom External Fixator

Published on: March 24, 2019

9.3K

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Trauma Surgery
  • Medical Classification Systems

Background:

  • A novel Universal Long Bone Nonunion Classification (ULBNC) framework has been developed.
  • This classification aims to provide a clinically relevant and anatomically comprehensive system for long bone nonunions.
  • Existing classification systems may lack comprehensive anatomical and clinical relevance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the inter- and intra-observer reliability of the ULBNC.
  • To compare the performance of the ULBNC with the established Weber-Cech classification.
  • To validate a new standardized system for long bone nonunion assessment.

Main Methods:

  • A multicenter, three-stage validation study involving 191 FDA-defined nonunion cases.
  • Four expert raters classified cases using existing systems (AO/OTA, Weber-Cech) and the ULBNC.
  • Inter-observer reliability was assessed using Fleiss' kappa, and intra-observer reliability using Cohen's kappa.

Main Results:

  • The ULBNC achieved substantial to almost perfect inter-observer agreement (κ=0.85), particularly for diaphyseal nonunions (κ=0.90).
  • ULBNC showed significantly better agreement than Weber-Cech (κ=0.38) when incorporating pathological mobility.
  • Intra-observer reliability was substantial to almost perfect across all classification levels.

Conclusions:

  • The Universal Long Bone Nonunion Classification (ULBNC) is a reliable and reproducible system.
  • Incorporating clinical features like pathological mobility enhances the ULBNC's utility.
  • The ULBNC supports standardization in the treatment and research of long bone nonunions.