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Polymers02:34

Polymers

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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Copolymers are the products obtained from the polymerization of multiple monomer species. So, in a polymer chain itself, there can be multiple repeating units that come from different monomers. The process of synthesizing a polymer from different monomer species is called copolymerization. When two monomers are involved, the polymer is known as a bipolymer. Polymers with three and four monomers are termed terpolymers and quaterpolymers, respectively. Figure 1 depicts the copolymerization of...
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Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like structure with minimal to no branching at all. Even if a polymer features large substituent groups on the monomer, which appear as branches to the skeleton, it is not considered a branched polymer. A branched polymer contains secondary polymer chains that arise from the main polymer chain. The branching occurs when the polymer growth shifts from...
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Covalent Adaptable Networks: Reprocessable Cross-Linked Polymers.

Molly Sun1, Lillian M Felsenthal1, Subeen Kim1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.

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Covalent adaptable networks (CANs) offer a solution to plastic waste by enabling polymers to be reshaped and repaired. This review explores their history, chemistry, and potential for sustainable materials.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Science
  • Materials Science
  • Sustainable Chemistry

Background:

  • Thermoset polymers offer excellent stability but lack repairability and recyclability due to permanent covalent cross-links.
  • Dynamic covalent chemistry enables bond rearrangement, leading to the development of adaptable polymer networks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the history, classification, and nomenclature of covalent adaptable networks (CANs).
  • To provide a comprehensive survey of dynamic reactions, linkage chemistries, and characterization methods for CANs.
  • To highlight advanced applications and future perspectives for CANs in sustainable materials.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of historical and recent advancements in covalent adaptable networks.
  • Analysis of dynamic reactions and linkage chemistries enabling network adaptability.
  • Survey of characterization techniques and reprocessing methods for CANs.

Main Results:

  • CANs, or dynamic covalent adaptable networks, allow for polymer reshaping and repair through controlled bond exchange reactions.
  • A comprehensive overview of CANs' evolution, classification, and diverse chemistries is presented.
  • Emerging applications in composites and stimuli-responsive materials showcase CANs' versatility.

Conclusions:

  • CANs represent a significant advancement for plastic circularity and the design of stimuli-responsive materials.
  • Further development in new chemistries and understanding of bond exchange mechanisms will drive scalable, sustainable, and high-value applications.
  • CANs offer a promising pathway toward more sustainable and adaptable polymer-based materials.