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Related Concept Videos

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Olfaction01:25

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 18, 2026

Olfactory Neurons Obtained through Nasal Biopsy Combined with Laser-Capture Microdissection: A Potential Approach to Study Treatment Response in Mental Disorders
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Neuroimaging and Transcriptomic Insights Into Iron Accumulation and Glymphatic Dysfunction in Olfactory Dysfunction.

Chantat Leong1,2, Jixin Luan3,4, Ruisi Wang1

  • 1Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China.

CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics
|January 16, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Olfactory dysfunction involves abnormal iron buildup and changes in brain fluid flow. Enhanced brain cleaning and nerve repair may help patients recover, offering new diagnostic and recovery markers.

Keywords:
cerebrospinal fluid flowfunctional MRIgene expressionglymphatic functioniron accumulationolfactory dysfunctionquantitative susceptibility mapping

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Neurobiology
  • Transcriptomics

Background:

  • Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is linked to inflammation and neurotoxins, but mechanisms are unclear.
  • Investigating glymphatic function, iron dysregulation, and gene expression may reveal OD biomarkers.
  • Understanding these factors is crucial for developing recovery strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the neurobiological underpinnings of olfactory dysfunction.
  • To investigate the roles of glymphatic function, iron dysregulation, and transcriptomic changes in OD.
  • To identify potential biomarkers for OD diagnosis and prognosis.

Main Methods:

  • A multimodal MRI approach combining BOLD-CSF coupling and quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) was used.
  • Transcriptomic profiling was integrated with QSM to analyze iron accumulation and gene expression.
  • Data were collected from post-viral OD (PVOD), post-traumatic OD (PTOD), and healthy control (HC) groups.

Main Results:

  • PVOD showed increased iron in olfactory memory regions, correlating with genes for neuronal organization and signaling.
  • PVOD exhibited enhanced glymphatic activity (stronger BOLD-CSF coupling) compared to controls.
  • Complete recovery correlated with the strongest BOLD-CSF coupling, indicating improved toxin clearance.

Conclusions:

  • Olfactory dysfunction is associated with abnormal iron accumulation and altered glymphatic function.
  • Transcriptomic signatures suggest neuroplasticity plays a role in OD.
  • Improved glymphatic clearance and neuronal remodeling may drive recovery, offering potential biomarkers.