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Designing a Bio-responsive Robot from DNA Origami
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Programmable Nanoscale Motion via Molecular Patterning on DNA Origami.

Lars Paffen1, Maurik Engelbert van Bevervoorde2, Andoni Rodriguez-Abetxuko1

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Helix, P. O. Box 513, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|January 17, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Precise enzyme placement on DNA nanorods reveals that optimal nanomotor propulsion depends on a balance between catalytic loading and shape, not just asymmetry. This finding advances the design of enzyme-powered nanomachines.

Keywords:
DNA origamiEnzyme kineticsNanomotorsSingle‐particle tracking

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Area of Science:

  • Nanotechnology
  • Biochemistry
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Enzymatically driven nanomotors require asymmetry for propulsion.
  • Precise control over enzyme positioning is limited, hindering quantitative analysis of nanomotor behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between enzyme distribution, catalytic loading, particle geometry, and propulsion in nanomotors.
  • To achieve precise spatial placement of urease enzymes on DNA origami nanorods.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized DNA origami nanorods for precise spatial placement of urease enzymes.
  • Independently tuned enzyme coverage and asymmetry on nanorods.
  • Employed single-particle tracking to analyze nanomotor motility.
  • Used Boundary Element Method simulations for quantitative analysis.

Main Results:

  • Motility depends on a balance between catalytic loading and geometric anisotropy, not solely enzyme number or arrangement.
  • Maximal propulsion was observed at approximately 25% urease end-coverage, lower than the conventional 50%.
  • Programmable enzyme patterning was confirmed to dictate diffusiophoretic propulsion.

Conclusions:

  • Optimal nanomotor motility does not necessarily coincide with maximal asymmetry.
  • Established a quantitative framework linking nanostructure topology, catalytic activity, and motion.
  • Advanced the rational design principles for enzyme-powered DNA nanomotors.