Biomedical and industrial applications of Trachyspermum ammi-derived nanoparticles: a comprehensive review

Trachyspermum ammi Linn. (Ajwain) is a widely cultivated medicinal plant known for its diverse therapeutic applications, including menstrual problems, diarrhea, abdominal tumors, abdominal pain, piles, and breathing problems. Recent advances in nanotechnology have highlighted the potential of T. ammi-derived nanoparticles for biomedical and industrial applications. This review summarizes the taxonomy, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, and toxicological aspects of T. ammi seeds, with particular focus on their role in green nanotechnology. Bioactive constituents such as thymol, γ-terpinenes, and carvacrol act as reducing and stabilizing agents in naoparticle synthesis. Applications of these nanoparticles include antimicrobial therapy, drug delivery, anticancer activity, wound healing, food preservation, and environmental remediation. While in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate significant activity, clinical investigations remain limited, necessitating further research to establish safety, efficacy, and scalability. Overall, T. ammi-mediated nanoparticles present promising prospects for sustainable biomedical and industrial applications.