Exploring the drivers of substance use in Zambia: A qualitative study of stakeholder perspectives

Substance use presents a growing public health concern in Zambia, affecting individuals, families, and communities across the country. Understanding the socio-economic, psychological, and environmental drivers is essential for developing effective interventions. This study aims to explore the underlying factors contributing to substance use in Zambian communities from the perspectives of key stakeholders.

A qualitative phenomenological approach was employed to gain in-depth insight into the factors influencing substance use. Twenty-seven participants from Chawama and Kabwata townships in Zambia were recruited through purposive and snowball sampling. Data were collected via semi-structured interviews and analyzed using Colaizzi's seven-step method. NVivo software supported thematic analysis.

Three major themes emerged as key drivers of substance use: (1) Availability of Resources-highlighting a lack of funding, treatment facilities, and governmental support; (2) State of Social Network-encompassing peer and family influences that either exacerbate or protect against substance use; and (3) Escapism and Misconceptions of Benefits-where unemployment, idleness, and misbeliefs about performance enhancement and stress relief promote substance use. These factors interact within a socio-cultural environment marked by limited mental health infrastructure and weak social support systems.

Substance use in Zambia is driven by a complex interplay of resource scarcity, social influence, and misinformed beliefs. Addressing these drivers requires a multi-pronged approach, including strengthening social support networks, expanding access to treatment and prevention services, correcting substance-related misconceptions, and promoting community-based, culturally sensitive interventions. The findings offer actionable insights for policymakers, health professionals, and community stakeholders to collaboratively develop effective strategies to curb substance use in Zambia.