Neurodiversity in surgery: Embracing cognitive difference in a demanding profession

Area of Science:

• Medical Education
• Surgical Training
• Neurodiversity in Healthcare

Background:

• Neurodiversity, encompassing conditions like autism and ADHD, is recognized in education but underexplored in surgery.
• Understanding neurodiversity in surgical professions is vital for inclusive workforce development.

Purpose of the Study:

• To systematically review the existing literature on neurodiversity among surgeons and healthcare professionals.
• To identify prevalence, challenges, strengths, and support needs of neurodivergent individuals in surgery.

Main Methods:

• Systematic review following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, searching multiple databases up to July 2025.
• Independent screening, data extraction, and appraisal of eligible studies by two reviewers.
• Narrative synthesis organized into five key domains: prevalence, challenges, strengths, supports, and cultural aspects.

Main Results:

• Four studies met inclusion criteria, with varying prevalence rates of neurodivergent traits (e.g., 31.6% ADHD symptoms in Turkish trainees).
• Neurodivergent trainees reported challenges with assessments and professional expectations, alongside cited strengths like creativity and resilience.
• Supportive interventions and fair recruitment processes show potential to mitigate disadvantages faced by neurodivergent surgeons.

Conclusions:

• Neurodiversity is under-recognized in surgery, despite the valuable contributions of neurodivergent surgeons.
• Systemic and cultural barriers hinder neurodivergent surgeons; greater awareness and accommodations are necessary.
• Inclusive training frameworks and reduced stigma are essential to support neurodivergent surgeons and foster a diverse surgical workforce.