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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
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Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Long Non-coding RNAs: Chromatin Modification, Cell Differentiation & Immune Response
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Regulatory Roles of Non-Coding RNAs in Balancing Plant Growth and Defence.

Sukanya Dutta1,2, Niraj Kumar1,2, Ratul Saikia1,2

  • 1Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology, Jorhat, Assam, India.

Physiologia Plantarum
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Summary

Plants face a growth-defense trade-off. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are key regulators, fine-tuning resource allocation to balance growth and immunity, offering potential for improved crop resilience.

Keywords:
plant immunityplant resilienceresource allocationtranscriptional regulation

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Molecular Biology
  • Plant Physiology
  • Genetics and Genomics

Background:

  • Plants must balance growth and immune defense, as investing in one often compromises the other.
  • Ecological optimality principles suggest strategic resource allocation to maximize plant fitness.
  • Multi-omics technologies reveal complex molecular mechanisms underlying growth-defense trade-offs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in mediating the plant growth-defense balance.
  • To explore how ncRNAs fine-tune gene expression in developmental and immune pathways.
  • To discuss the potential of ncRNA-driven regulation for enhancing crop improvement.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review synthesizing current research on ncRNAs and plant growth-defense.
  • Analysis of multi-omics data to identify regulatory networks.
  • Discussion of ncRNA interactions with phytohormonal signaling.

Main Results:

  • Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) act as critical modulators in the plant growth-defense regulatory landscape.
  • Specific ncRNAs function as regulatory hubs within feedback circuits, influencing resource allocation.
  • ncRNAs interact with phytohormonal signaling networks to fine-tune gene expression.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding ncRNA-driven regulation is crucial for deciphering plant growth-defense trade-offs.
  • Harnessing ncRNA mechanisms offers a pathway for developing high-yielding, stress-resilient crops.
  • This approach supports sustainable agriculture by potentially bypassing conventional growth-defense constraints.