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Sleep and Movement Behaviours in Preschool Children: A Cross-Sectional Study With Compositional Data Analysis.

Christine W St Laurent1, Fatemeh Yousefi1, Pardis Parvizi1

  • 1Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA.

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|January 19, 2026
PubMed
Summary

In preschool children, nap habits, age, and sex influence 24-hour sleep-wake patterns and physical activity. Understanding these holistic behaviors is key for early childhood development.

Keywords:
daily activity cycleearly childhoodisotemporal substitutionmovement behaviourstime‐use

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Sleep Science
  • Childhood Physical Activity Research
  • Behavioral Chronobiology

Background:

  • Reciprocal associations between physical activity and sleep in early childhood remain unclear compared to older age groups.
  • Existing research often overlooks the holistic 24-hour behavior cycle, focusing on isolated sleep or activity metrics.
  • Compositional data analysis (CoDA) is needed to examine the interplay of sleep and physical activity within a full day.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate associations between sleep composition (overnight, 24-hour, nap stages) and physical activity in preschool children.
  • To determine if 24-hour sleep-wake behaviors differ based on sex or nap habituality.
  • To apply CoDA for a comprehensive understanding of young children's daily behavior patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Actigraphy data from 272 preschool children (aged 4.2 ± 0.8 years) were used to estimate sleep and physical activity.
  • Nap sleep stages were analyzed using polysomnography in a subset of 31 children.
  • Multivariate regression models analyzed compositional 24-hour time use differences related to sex and nap habits.

Main Results:

  • Nap sleep stage composition was not significantly associated with physical activity levels.
  • 24-hour time-use compositions, including both sleep and wake components, varied significantly by age, sex, and nap habituality.
  • Total sleep time did not differ across these groups, but the distribution of sleep and wake components did.

Conclusions:

  • Nap habits, age, and sex are significant factors influencing the composition of sleep and physical activity within a 24-hour cycle in preschoolers.
  • CoDA is a valuable approach for analyzing complex 24-hour behavior patterns in children.
  • Further research should examine these associations in diverse populations and incorporate detailed sleep assessments.