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Related Concept Videos

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Design to Implementation Study for Development and Patient Validation of Paper-Based Toehold Switch Diagnostics
10:42

Design to Implementation Study for Development and Patient Validation of Paper-Based Toehold Switch Diagnostics

Published on: June 17, 2022

3.4K

Open-source CNC workstation for paper-based diagnostic assay assembly.

Lucy Tecle1, Shannon Riegle2, Andrew Piepho1

  • 1Purdue University, 610 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States.

Hardwarex
|January 19, 2026
PubMed
Summary

A new low-cost, open-source workstation automates the assembly of paper-based diagnostics using a repurposed CNC machine. This innovation improves accuracy and accessibility for developing point-of-care tests.

Keywords:
Automated fabricationComputer numerical control (CNC)Low-cost instrumentationOpen-source hardwarePaper-based diagnostics

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Design to Implementation Study for Development and Patient Validation of Paper-Based Toehold Switch Diagnostics
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Published on: June 17, 2022

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Published on: April 29, 2020

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Fabrication of Three-dimensional Paper-based Microfluidic Devices for Immunoassays
11:33

Fabrication of Three-dimensional Paper-based Microfluidic Devices for Immunoassays

Published on: March 9, 2017

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Diagnostic Technology
  • Open-Source Hardware

Background:

  • Paper-based diagnostics offer potential for point-of-care testing but manual assembly introduces variability.
  • Current automated solutions are often expensive and proprietary, limiting accessibility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a low-cost, open-source automated workstation for assembling paper-based diagnostic assays.
  • To improve precision and reproducibility in the fabrication of paper-based diagnostics.

Main Methods:

  • Repurposed a three-axis computer numerical control (CNC) machine with an Arduino-based controller and GRBL firmware.
  • Integrated a custom vacuum end effector for handling delicate assay components.
  • Validated performance across various paper-based diagnostic formats (dipstick, LFA, duplex immunoassay).

Main Results:

  • Achieved linear placement accuracy of ~0.5-0.6 mm and acceptable angular deviations (1-3°).
  • Demonstrated statistically indistinguishable control line intensity compared to hand-assembled assays.
  • Reduced workstation cost to under $900, enhancing accessibility.

Conclusions:

  • The open-source CNC workstation enables affordable, automated assembly of paper-based diagnostics.
  • This platform facilitates prototyping and scaling for academic labs, startups, and decentralized settings.
  • Preserved diagnostic performance validates the system for early-stage research and development.