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Related Concept Videos

Magical Thinking01:29

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Magical thinking encompasses the belief in assumptions that defy logical reasoning yet appear intuitively convincing. It is a common psychological phenomenon that persists across various cultural and individual contexts. While these assumptions contradict empirical evidence and scientific laws, they often serve meaningful psychological roles in promoting emotional resilience and a sense of control, especially under stress or uncertainty.Thought-Action Fusion and the Law of SimilarityA key...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Magical Thinking
01:29

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Published on: September 18, 2025

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Magic bullets, magic shields, and antimicrobials in between.

Praveen Prathapan1

  • 1New Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.

Pharmaceutical Science Advances
|January 19, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces immunomodulatory antimicrobials (IAs), a new drug class combining pathogen-killing and immune-modulating effects. IAs show promise for pandemic preparedness due to their versatility against multiple pathogens.

Keywords:
Immunomodulatory antimicrobialPan-pathogen pharmacologyPandemic preparedness

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Drug Discovery

Background:

  • Current small-molecule infectious disease drugs fall into two classes: pathogen-directed antimicrobials (antibiotics, antivirals) and host-directed immunomodulators (corticosteroids).
  • A need exists for novel therapeutic strategies to address emerging infectious diseases and potential pandemics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and define a third class of small-molecule drugs: immunomodulatory antimicrobials (IAs).
  • To review existing small-molecule drugs with dual pathogen-directed and host-directed pharmacology.
  • To evaluate the potential of IAs for pandemic preparedness research.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of small-molecule drugs exhibiting both antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities.
  • Categorization of identified drugs into seven types of immunomodulatory antimicrobials.
  • Analysis of drug repositionability and network pharmacology for broad-spectrum efficacy.

Main Results:

  • Seven distinct types of immunomodulatory antimicrobials (IAs) were identified.
  • IAs possess dual pharmacology, targeting pathogens directly while modulating the host immune response.
  • These agents demonstrate high repositionability and network pharmacological capabilities.

Conclusions:

  • Immunomodulatory antimicrobials represent a novel and significant third class of small-molecule drugs for infectious diseases.
  • The inherent properties of IAs, including broad-spectrum activity and adaptability, make them highly suitable for pandemic preparedness.
  • IAs offer a more versatile approach to combating diverse pathogens compared to traditional antivirals in pandemic scenarios.