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Updated: Jan 20, 2026
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Development of an Individual-Tree Basal Area Increment Model using a Linear Mixed-Effects Approach
Published on: July 3, 2020
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Area based conservation tools have mixed effects across all SDGs but research may overstate effects
Gerald G Singh1, Caitie Frenkel1, Helen Pheasey2
1Ocean Nexus, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC Canada.
Communications Earth & Environment
|January 19, 2026
Summary
Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) impact all 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), often with mixed results. Evidence suggests MPAs require localized approaches for effective marine conservation and community well-being.
Area of Science:
- Marine Conservation Science
- Environmental Policy
- Socio-economics
Background:
- Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are key tools for marine conservation.
- MPAs can lead to unintended negative consequences for coastal communities, including resource access limitations.
Purpose of the Study:
- To systematically review the effects of MPAs across all 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
- To analyze the types of evidence used to document MPA impacts.
- To assess the balance of positive and negative outcomes associated with MPAs.
Main Methods:
- Comprehensive literature search for studies on MPA effects.
- Categorization of MPA impacts according to the 17 SDGs.
- Analysis of data sources (primary vs. secondary) used in the reviewed literature.
Main Results:
- MPAs demonstrate both positive and negative effects across all 17 SDGs.
- A significant reliance on secondary data was observed in many studies assessing MPA effects.
- Studies focusing on SDG 1 (No Poverty), SDG 2 (Zero Hunger), and SDG 5 (Gender Equality) showed a greater use of secondary data for reported benefits compared to adverse impacts.
Conclusions:
- MPAs can have complex and varied outcomes, affecting multiple dimensions of sustainable development.
- The reliance on secondary data may limit the nuanced understanding of localized MPA impacts.
- MPAs are more effective as targeted interventions rather than broad policies for achieving marine sustainability, emphasizing the need for context-specific strategies.
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