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Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Biology of Microbial Communities - Interview
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Biological Embedding of Chronic Stress Across Two Generations Within Marginalized Communities.

Elisabeth Conradt1, Sierra E Carter2, Sheila E Crowell1

  • 1University of Utah.

Child Development Perspectives
|January 19, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Racial disparities in infant health are linked to chronic stress experienced by pregnant women of color. Addressing these stressors is crucial for improving child development outcomes and reducing health inequities.

Keywords:
health disparitiesprenatal programmingpsychophysiology

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Sociomedical Sciences

Background:

  • Significant racial health disparities persist in US infant mortality, preterm birth, and neurodevelopment.
  • Children of color face developmental disadvantages before birth due to systemic inequities.
  • Chronic stress from discrimination, historical trauma, and acculturation disproportionately affects marginalized pregnant women.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To integrate understudied forms of chronic stress into existing models of health.
  • To explain how chronic stress impacts maternal and infant health across two generations.
  • To highlight the need for diverse samples in prenatal programming research.

Main Methods:

  • Review and integration of existing literature on chronic stress and prenatal programming.
  • Application of allostatic load and prenatal programming models.
  • Description of psychophysiological impacts on infants of color.

Main Results:

  • Chronic stress in marginalized pregnant women can negatively affect fetal development and infant health.
  • Prenatal programming models have historically overlooked the experiences of women of color.
  • Early-life stress has significant psychophysiological ramifications for infants of color.

Conclusions:

  • Addressing racial health disparities requires understanding the impact of chronic stress on maternal and child health.
  • Future research must prioritize diverse populations to reduce birth disparities.
  • Integrating social determinants of health into prenatal research is essential for equitable outcomes.