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Real-Time Imaging of Intercalation-Conversion Li Storage in MXenes for Solid-State Batteries.

Yuki Nomura1, Kosuke Kawai2, Masaki Fujita2

  • 1Nanostructures Research Laboratory, Japan Fine Ceramics Center, Nagoya, Japan.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|January 19, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Two-dimensional transition metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) show promise for energy storage. This study visualizes lithium-ion reactions in Ti3C2Tx MXenes within solid-state batteries, revealing key mechanisms and surface termination effects.

Keywords:
Ti3C2Txelectrochemical reactionselectron energy‐loss spectroscopyoperandoscanning transmission electron microscopy

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Two-dimensional transition metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) are advanced electrode materials for next-generation energy storage devices.
  • Understanding charge storage mechanisms in MXenes within solid-state systems is crucial for optimizing battery performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To directly visualize and understand Li-ion intercalation and conversion reactions in Ti3C2Tx MXenes within sulfide-based solid-state Li batteries.
  • To investigate the influence of surface terminations on Li-ion accommodation and redox activity.

Main Methods:

  • Operando scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) combined with electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS).
  • Real-time nanoscale observation of electrochemical reactions in solid-state Li batteries.

Main Results:

  • Identified three distinct reaction pathways: Li (de)intercalation with Ti redox, reversible Li2O formation/decomposition on the surface, and sulfide electrolyte decomposition.
  • Demonstrated that O-terminated MXenes facilitate efficient Li accommodation and room-temperature redox activity.
  • Showed that F- and Cl-terminated MXenes require elevated temperatures for adequate Li penetration.

Conclusions:

  • Provided direct nanoscale evidence of intercalation and conversion processes in MXenes for solid-state batteries.
  • Highlighted surface-termination engineering as a key strategy to enhance Li accommodation and redox utilization in all-solid-state batteries.