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¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Temporal Resolution00:52

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At room temperature, the chair conformer of cyclohexane undergoes rapid ring flipping between two equivalent chair conformers at a rate of approximately 105 times per second. These two chair conformers are in equilibrium. The rapid ring flipping results in the interconversion of the axial proton to an equatorial proton and an equatorial to the axial proton. Such interconversions are too rapid and cannot be detected on the NMR timescale. Hence, the NMR spectrometer cannot distinguish between the...
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¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Variable-Temperature NMR01:15

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The axial and equatorial protons in cyclohexane can be distinguished by performing a variable-temperature NMR experiment. In this process, except for one proton, the remaining eleven protons are replaced by deuterium. The deuterium substitution avoids the possible peak splitting caused by the spin-spin coupling between the adjacent protons. The remaining proton flips between the axial and equatorial positions.
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Integral membrane proteins are tightly associated with the cell membrane and play a crucial role in cell communication, signaling, adhesion, and transport of the molecules. Some integral membrane proteins are present only in the membrane monolayer. For example, the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase is present in the cytoplasmic side of the membrane monolayer. In contrast, another type of integral membrane protein, also known as a transmembrane protein, spans across the membrane. Transmembrane...
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Reusable Single Cell for Iterative Epigenomic Analyses
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Cost Implications for Single-Use and Reusable Flexible Bronchoscopes.

Jeffrey Thiboutot1, Dylan Wang2, Cheryl Pai2

  • 1Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, jthibou1@jhmi.edu.

Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases
|January 19, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Single-use flexible bronchoscopes (SUFBs) are more cost-effective in low-volume procedures, while reusable flexible bronchoscopes (RFBs) are cheaper in high-volume settings. Cost-effectiveness depends on procedure volume and equipment fleet size.

Keywords:
BronchoscopyCostSingle-use bronchoscope

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Area of Science:

  • Pulmonology
  • Healthcare Economics
  • Infection Control

Background:

  • Single-use flexible bronchoscopes (SUFBs) are increasingly popular due to portability and concerns over infections linked to reusable flexible bronchoscopes (RFBs).
  • A comparative cost analysis between SUFBs and RFBs is necessary for healthcare decision-making.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the per-use cost of reusable flexible bronchoscopes (RFBs).
  • To compare the per-use cost of RFBs with the cost of single-use flexible bronchoscopes (SUFBs) within a single healthcare unit.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective, observational study followed 25 RFBs through their use cycle.
  • Micro-costing analysis included capital, servicing, staffing, and reprocessing costs for RFBs.
  • Sensitivity analysis evaluated cost variations based on bronchoscope fleet size and procedure volume.

Main Results:

  • The per-use cost for RFBs ranged from $198.26 to $202.40, while SUFBs cost $300.00 to $400.00 each.
  • RFB costs were mainly driven by capital and servicing, varying significantly with procedure volume and fleet size.
  • High-volume units (>900 procedures/year) found RFBs more cost-effective; low-volume units (<400 procedures/year) favored SUFBs.

Conclusions:

  • SUFBs provide cost savings in low-volume bronchoscopy units.
  • High-volume units may benefit more from the cost-effectiveness of RFBs.
  • Environmental impact and nosocomial infection risks associated with each type require consideration.