Apoptotic vesicles: from biological characteristics to clinical translational prospects
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Updated: Jan 21, 2026

The Encapsulation of Cell-free Transcription and Translation Machinery in Vesicles for the Construction of Cellular Mimics
Published on: October 21, 2013
Long-Bin Huang1, Chen Kong1, Mei-Feng Yang2
1Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China.
Abstract:
BACKGROUND: Apoptotic vesicles (apoVs), a specialized subtype of extracellular vesicles released during cellular apoptosis, play crucial roles in intercellular communication and immune regulation. In recent years, their functions in various physiological and pathological processes have garnered increasing attention. MAIN BODY: This review provides a comprehensive overview of the biological characteristics, formation mechanisms, and functional implications of apoVs in various diseases. It particularly emphasizes the potential clinical applications of apoVs in diagnostics and therapeutics. By integrating the latest research advancements, the review analyzes the molecular cargo packaging mechanisms of apoVs and their impact on functionality, assessing their prospects as drug carriers and immune modulators. CONCLUSIONS: By synthesizing existing research findings, this review aims to provide a systematic theoretical foundation and practical strategies for both fundamental research and clinical translation of apoptotic vesicles. Further investigation into apoptotic vesicles is expected to offer novel insights and approaches for the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases.
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Characteristics of Life
Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
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Translation
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
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Initiation of Translation
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
Termination of Translation
The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

