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Parental Age Effects on Offspring Telomere Length Across Vertebrates: A Meta-Analysis.

Mariia Vlasova¹, Yuheng Sun^1,2, Heung Ying Janet Chik^1,2,3

¹Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.

Molecular Ecology

|January 20, 2026

Summary

Parental age at conception influences offspring telomere length, with a positive effect in humans but no significant effect in other vertebrates. Methodological factors and publication bias may affect these findings.

Keywords:

aging intergenerational effects maternal age at conception meta‐analysis paternal age at conception senescence systematic review telomere length

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Area of Science:

Genetics
Aging Research
Evolutionary Biology

Background:

Telomere shortening is a hallmark of aging and linked to mortality.
Parental age at conception is a potential factor influencing offspring telomere length.
Previous studies show inconsistent effects of parental age on offspring telomere length across species.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review and meta-analyze the effects of parental age on offspring telomere length in vertebrates.
To investigate differences in parental age effects between human and non-human vertebrate studies.
To identify factors contributing to heterogeneity in parental age effects.

Main Methods:

Conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of 99 effect sizes from 30 human studies and 49 from 12 non-human vertebrate studies.
Analyzed data adjusting for study, estimate, and phylogenetic effects.
Examined correlations with laboratory methods, parental/offspring sex interactions, and cell types.

Main Results:

A positive overall parental age effect on offspring telomere length was found in human studies.
No significant parental age effect was observed in non-human vertebrate studies.
Heterogeneity was linked to between-study variance (humans) and phylogeny (non-humans).
Publication bias suggested overestimation of effects in human studies.

Conclusions:

Parental age influences human offspring telomere length, but this effect is not consistently observed in other vertebrates.
Laboratory methods, sex interactions, and cell types are important considerations.
Future research should broaden taxa, test within-parent effects, and standardize reporting.