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Biocatalytic surfaces in architecture.

Rachel Armstrong1

  • 1Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, KU Leuven, Campus Sint-Lucas, Hoogstraat 51, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.

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|January 20, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review re-envisions microbial colonization on buildings, shifting from biofouling to beneficial biocatalysis. Engineered Eco-Ornamentation integrates microbial communities into materials for functions like bioremediation and energy generation in regenerative architecture.

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Area of Science:

  • Architecture and Environmental Science
  • Microbiology
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Traditionally, microbial colonization on buildings is viewed as detrimental biofouling.
  • Emerging research reconceptualizes microbial communities as programmable biocatalysts for architectural applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore strategies for embedding microbial and fungal communities into architectural materials.
  • To analyze novel approaches like engineered living paints and probiotic surfaces.
  • To position these developments within the framework of Engineered Eco-Ornamentation for urban metabolism.

Main Methods:

  • Review of multiscalar bioreceptive substrate design.
  • Analysis of engineered living paints, mycelium composites, and probiotic surfaces.
  • Consideration of computational modeling and digital fabrication for adaptive building systems.

Main Results:

  • Development of passive structures into metabolically active interfaces.
  • Functionalization of surfaces to support microbial ecology and urban metabolism.
  • Identification of key challenges in scaling, durability, and construction integration.

Conclusions:

  • Functionally designed biocatalytic surfaces represent a foundational field for regenerative architecture.
  • Engineered Eco-Ornamentation offers a pathway to ecologically integrated built environments.
  • Overcoming challenges will enable widespread adoption of living architectural systems.