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Related Concept Videos

The Evidence for Evolution02:55

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Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of novel varieties and entire new species. These changes are responsible for the diverse forms of life inhabiting the planet. The evidence for evolution suggests that all living organisms descended from common ancestors.
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The endosymbiont theory is the most widely accepted theory of eukaryotic evolution; however, its progression is still somewhat debated. According to the nucleus-first hypothesis, the ancestral prokaryote first evolved a membrane to enclose DNA and form the nucleus. Conversely, the mitochondria-first hypothesis suggests that the nucleus was formed after endosymbiosis of mitochondria.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Studying Triple Negative Breast Cancer Using Orthotopic Breast Cancer Model
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Evolution of Breast Cancer Treatment 2010-2023.

Courtney N Day1, Elizabeth B Habermann2, Judy C Boughey3

  • 1Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.

Annals of Surgical Oncology
|January 20, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Recent breast cancer treatment shows a decline in axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) and increased use of mastectomy reconstruction and neoadjuvant therapies, particularly for HER2+ and ER-/HER2- subtypes.

Keywords:
Axillary dissectionBreast cancerEvolutionNeoadjuvant chemotherapyNeoadjuvant endocrine therapySentinel lymph node surgery

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Surgical Oncology
  • Breast Cancer Research

Background:

  • Evolving breast cancer treatment landscape with targeted therapies.
  • Shift towards de-escalation in surgical interventions for breast cancer.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze recent trends in breast cancer treatment modalities from 2010 to 2023.
  • To describe changes in surgical procedures, systemic therapy, and radiation use.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the National Cancer Database for patients with clinical stage I-III breast cancer (2010-2023).
  • Employed Cochran-Armitage trend tests and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis.
  • Analyzed trends in surgical procedures, neoadjuvant therapies, and radiation use.

Main Results:

  • Mastectomy rates decreased, while reconstruction and contralateral prophylactic mastectomy rates increased.
  • Axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) rates significantly declined, with increased omission in early-stage disease.
  • Neoadjuvant chemotherapy use surged, especially in HER2+ and ER-/HER2- subtypes; neoadjuvant endocrine therapy also increased.
  • Radiation therapy use in breast-conserving surgery (BCS) decreased.

Conclusions:

  • Breast cancer care has evolved, marked by reduced ALND and increased mastectomy reconstruction.
  • Significant rise in neoadjuvant systemic therapy, particularly for aggressive subtypes.
  • Treatment de-escalation and personalized therapy approaches are key trends.