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Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Comparing the Effects of Electronic Cigarette Vapor and Cigarette Smoke in a Novel In Vivo Exposure System
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Knowledge of Surgery-Related Adverse Effects Caused by Cigarette Smoking Among the Makkah Population, Saudi Arabia

Reham N Alsaud1, Khalid H Alnafei1, Abdullah S Alibrahim1

  • 1College of Medicine and Surgery, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, SAU.

Cureus
|January 21, 2026
PubMed

Keywords:
adverse effectscigarette smokingknowledgesaudi arabiasurgery

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