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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Philosophy of Mind
  • Information Theory

Background:

  • Core mental features like intentions are not directly observable in neural activity.
  • Current models struggle to reconcile the purpose-driven nature of mental states with sub-personal neural quantities.
  • The fundamental measurement problem in cognitive neuroscience remains insufficiently recognized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the measurement problem in cognitive neuroscience.
  • To introduce the "Participation Criterion" for theories of the mind-brain relation.
  • To propose a novel approach for indirectly measuring mental efficacy.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical commentary and conceptual analysis.
  • Introduction of the "Participation Criterion" for mind-brain theories.
  • Proposal of using information-theoretic entropy to quantify neural unpredictability.

Main Results:

  • Mental efficacy, though unobservable, may manifest as increased unpredictability in brain activity.
  • The concept of "irruption" is introduced to quantify efficacy-derived unexplained variability.
  • "Noise" in the brain is reframed as a potential signature of intentional mental processes.

Conclusions:

  • The Participation Criterion offers a path to address the mind-brain measurement problem.
  • Increased neural unpredictability, or "irruption," can serve as an indirect measure of mental efficacy.
  • This framework opens new research avenues in cognitive science and clinical applications.