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Related Concept Videos

Review and Preview01:10

Review and Preview

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In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
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Review and Preview01:13

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Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...
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Random and Systematic Errors01:20

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Scientists always try their best to record measurements with the utmost accuracy and precision. However, sometimes errors do occur. These errors can be random or systematic. Random errors are observed due to the inconsistency or fluctuation in the measurement process, or variations in the quantity itself that is being measured. Such errors fluctuate from being greater than or less than the true value in repeated measurements. Consider a scientist measuring the length of an earthworm using a...
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Systematic Sampling Method01:17

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Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. Data are the result of sampling from a population. The sampling method ensures that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population. Because measuring the entire population in a study is not practical, researchers use samples to represent the population of interest.
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Propagation of Uncertainty from Systematic Error01:10

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The atomic mass of an element varies due to the relative ratio of its isotopes. A sample's relative proportion of oxygen isotopes influences its average atomic mass. For instance, if we were to measure the atomic mass of oxygen from a sample, the mass would be a weighted average of the isotopic masses of oxygen in that sample. Since a single sample is not likely to perfectly reflect the true atomic mass of oxygen for all the molecules of oxygen on Earth, the mass we obtain from this...
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In the case of systematic errors, the sources can be identified, and the errors can be subsequently minimized by addressing these sources. According to the source, systematic errors can be divided into sampling, instrumental, methodological, and personal errors.
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Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma-A Systematic Review.

Li Yang Loo1, Shi Huan Tay1, Choon Chiat Oh1,2

  • 1Department of Dermatology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169608, Singapore.

Dermatopathology (Basel, Switzerland)
|January 21, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) show diverse roles. Understanding these immune cells is key for improving cSCC treatments and patient outcomes.

Keywords:
immunologyimmunosuppressionsquamous cell carcinomatumor microenvironmenttumor-infiltrating lymphocytes

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Dermatology

Background:

  • Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is an immunogenic cancer with unpredictable responses to immunotherapy.
  • Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) significantly impact cSCC progression and treatment efficacy, but their diversity is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and characterize the landscape of TILs in human cSCC.
  • To synthesize current knowledge on TIL phenotypes, functions, and their association with cSCC prognosis and therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review following PRISMA 2020 guidelines.
  • Searched PubMed and Embase databases up to May 2025 for studies on TILs in human cSCC.
  • Assessed risk of bias using the modified Newcastle-Ottawa scale and synthesized data qualitatively.

Main Results:

  • 48 studies revealed dense CD3+ TIL infiltrates in cSCC, including cytotoxic (CD8+) and regulatory (FOXP3+) subsets.
  • Increased CD8+ TIL activity correlated with better prognosis (smaller tumors, longer survival), while FOXP3+ TILs and TGF-β2 signaling were linked to immune evasion.
  • Immunosuppressed patients showed reduced CD8+ TIL density and clonality.

Conclusions:

  • The cSCC immune microenvironment is a complex interplay of cytotoxic and suppressive immune factors.
  • Integrating comprehensive immune profiling and spatial data with systemic immune status is crucial for advancing cSCC prognosis and therapeutic strategies.