[Frontiers and challenges in public health]

The field of global public health is undergoing multiple complex challenges, including emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, increasing burden of chronic diseases, climate change, and demographic transitions. This article systematically reviews the latest developments and challenges in key public health areas. In infectious disease prevention and control, the "One Health" approach has become the core framework for addressing zoonotic diseases, while intelligent multi-point trigger and multi-pathogen surveillance and early warning systems continue to enhance early response capabilities. The paradigm of chronic disease prevention and control is gradually shifting toward precision, with large-scale population cohorts and systems epidemiology providing scientific evidence for transitioning from population-based prevention to individualized intervention. Environmental health research is becoming more refined and in-depth, evolving from macro-level exposure associations to analyses of toxicity mechanisms and specific health effects. Meanwhile, China's new demographic normal-characterized by deep aging and low fertility-coupled with rapid advancements in innovative biologics and digital technologies, is reshaping public health intervention models and service demands. Looking ahead, building a more resilient, equitable, and intelligent global health governance system requires strengthened interdisciplinary collaboration, innovative financing mechanisms, optimized collaborative governance, and the efficient translation of scientific research into policy practice.