Indigenous knowledge of traditional bonesetters and bone setting practice in Southwest Ethiopia: towards integration...

The indigenous knowledge of bonesetters and the practice of bone setting has contributed a lot to the modern medicine, and yet serving as primary source of care in low- and middle-income countries but got little attention. This study explored the indigenous knowledge of traditional bonesetters and bone-setting practice in Southwest Ethiopia.

A mixed study design approach was done in southwest of Ethiopia, from August 15 to December 15, 2022. A total of 80 traditional bonesetter who predominantly manage injury and disorder to the bone and the musculoskeletal, and also health professionals were interviewed regarding their traditional knowledge and range of practice.

The mean age of the study participant was 69 ± 6 and majority (99%) of them were male. Traditional bonesetters participated in this study primarily acquired their knowledge through family transmission (45%), spiritual belief or divine gift (30%), and observation or experience (25%). Qualitative interviews revealed three themes: transgenerational learning, spiritual grant often linked to twin births, and experiential practice. Most TBSs had over 20 years of experience treating fractures, dislocations, and sprains, mainly at home or via mobile visits. Diagnostic methods included history-taking, palpation, and inspection. Treatment relied on massage, splinting, and natural materials like leaves, butter, and animal skin. All TBSs emphasized that healing power resides in their hands, often viewed as a divine gift.

Traditional bonesetters in Southwest Ethiopia possess rich indigenous knowledge rooted in family heritage, spiritual beliefs, and experiential learning. Their practices reflect deep cultural traditions and community trust, often passed down through generations or revealed through personal experience. Despite limited formal training, they demonstrate diagnostic skill and therapeutic effectiveness using locally available materials. Massage and splinting remain central to their treatment approach. Recognition and documentation of these practices are essential to preserve Ethiopia's healing heritage. Future collaboration with formal healthcare could enhance integration and mutual learning.