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Updated: Jan 23, 2026

An Immunohistopathologic Study to Profile the Folate Receptor Beta Macrophage and Vascular Immune Microenvironment in Giant Cell Arteritis
06:35

An Immunohistopathologic Study to Profile the Folate Receptor Beta Macrophage and Vascular Immune Microenvironment in Giant Cell Arteritis

Published on: February 8, 2019

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Advances in management of giant cell arteritis

Ian Liang1,2, Hugh Caterson1,2, Anthony Sammel1,2

  • 1Department of Rheumatology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

Internal Medicine Journal
|January 22, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) management involves prompt glucocorticoid initiation and newer therapies like tocilizumab to reduce steroid side effects. Long-term strategies for GCA are individualized, balancing efficacy with patient factors.

Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Internal Medicine
  • Vasculitis

Background:

  • Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a critical systemic vasculitis affecting older adults.
  • It poses risks of vision loss, stroke, and aortic complications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current best practices for GCA management in Australia.
  • To highlight recent therapeutic advancements and long-term care strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature and clinical guidelines.
  • Focus on therapeutic advances and complication management.
  • Consideration of individualized treatment beyond 12 months.

Main Results:

  • Glucocorticoids are central to acute GCA management.
  • Tocilizumab has shown efficacy in reducing glucocorticoid-related morbidity within 12 months.
  • Upadacitinib demonstrates recent therapeutic promise.

Conclusions:

  • Optimal GCA treatment beyond 12 months requires individualized approaches.
  • Management must address disease and treatment-related complications.
  • This review provides a framework for current Australian GCA care.

Keywords:
biologic therapygiant cell arteritistreatment

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