Natural products modulating interleukin-mediated pathways for anti-allergic and immunomodulatory effects

Covering: upto 2025The increasing prevalence of allergic diseases and immunological disorders is a significant public health issue requiring the development of novel therapeutic approaches. Interleukins are prime therapeutic targets because they are crucial for immune control and allergic aetiology. Naturally occurring bioactive compounds show tremendous promise for altering interleukin signalling, providing therapeutic advantages with potentially fewer adverse effects than those of synthesised drugs. This review highlights key bioactive substances that influence interleukin pathways, including flavonoids, polyphenols, terpenoids, alkaloids, and plant extracts. These compounds exhibit multiple mechanisms of action, including enhanced anti-inflammatory responses and reduced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Controlling several interleukin-mediated pathways, including IL-6 and IL-17, IL-1β and IL-10, as well as IL-4 and IL-13, has shown promise, thus showing substantial anti-allergic properties. These compounds exert modulatory effects by reducing Th2-mediated allergic reactions. This review examined their binding affinities to important interleukins to support the therapeutic potential of these bioactive metabolites. Although the results are encouraging, some issues remain, including variations in compound bioavailability, formulation issues, and insufficient clinical validation. This review addresses these challenges and highlights the potential use of bioactive compounds in innovative approaches aimed at interleukin-mediated pathways in immunological control and allergies.