Natural Products Targeting Alzheimer's Disease via NF-κB Pathway: A Review

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a severe neurological condition marked by cognitive decline and memory loss, affecting millions worldwide. Current therapeutic approaches for AD are primarily palliative, have slight effectiveness in arresting disease progression, and are frequently associated with significant adverse effects. In light of these limitations, there is a growing interest in exploring alternative medicinal strategies centred on phytogenic natural compounds. The nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway is a critical biological target, essential for regulating the inflammatory response associated with the advancement of AD. Targeting the NF-κB signalling system is a promising approach for alleviating neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, although it operates in coordination with other pathways such as Nrf2 and MAPK, which also play significant roles in the complex pathophysiology of AD. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the current studies about natural compounds and their potential therapeutic effects in AD, emphasising compounds obtained from various plant sources. We examine the mechanisms regulating the NF-κB pathway through the analysis of preclinical studies, evaluating its efficacy in reducing neurodegeneration and improving cognitive function in AD patients. Furthermore, future directions and conclusions have been incorporated, which jointly emphasise the significance of phytochemicals in modifying NF-κB and the associated signalling processes.