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Related Concept Videos

Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

20.5K
Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
20.5K
Bonding in Metals02:32

Bonding in Metals

52.1K
Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”. 
52.1K
Properties of Transition Metals02:58

Properties of Transition Metals

29.7K
Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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Alkali Metals03:06

Alkali Metals

24.2K
Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
Table 1: Properties of the alkali metals
24.2K
Metal-Ligand Bonds02:51

Metal-Ligand Bonds

24.1K
The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...
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Metal-Semiconductor Junctions01:24

Metal-Semiconductor Junctions

930
The contact of metal and semiconductor can lead to the formation of a junction with either Schottky or Ohmic behavior.
Schottky Barriers
Schottky barriers arise when a metal with a work function (Φm) contacts a semiconductor with a different work function (Φs). Initially, electrons transfer until the Fermi levels of the metal and semiconductor align at equilibrium. For instance, if Φm > Φs, the semiconductor Fermi level is higher than the metal's before contact. The...
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Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Metal-Limited Growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae for Characterization of Metal-Responsive Genes and Metal Acquisition from Host Ligands
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Zinc and Copper Metallic Instability: Investigating Altered Metal Functionality in both Human and Animal Studies.

Nidhi Bhardwaj1,2, Vandna Bhardwaj3, Ambika Choudhary3

  • 1Center of Advanced Innovation Technologies, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.

Biological Trace Element Research
|January 22, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This review explores the dual roles of copper and zinc in health and disease, highlighting their complex interactions and importance in homeostasis and pathology across human and animal models.

Keywords:
CopperCuONPsNeurodegenerationSolute carriersTrace elementsZincZnONPs

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Nutritional Science
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Homeostasis relies on regulated gene expression, metabolic pathways, and trace element utilization.
  • Disruptions in homeostasis lead to pathologies like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and neurological disorders.
  • Copper and zinc are critical trace elements influencing physiological and pathological processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the literature on zinc and copper's roles in health and disease.
  • To examine their functions in both dietary and nanoparticle forms.
  • To demonstrate their complementary and conflicting interactions in animal and human models.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of published articles from 1992-2025.
  • Analysis of studies involving zinc and copper in dietary and nanoparticle forms.
  • Inclusion of animal and human models to assess trace element roles.

Main Results:

  • Zinc deficiency impairs growth, glucose metabolism, and immunity.
  • Copper deficiency causes neurological issues, oxidative stress, and altered lipid metabolism.
  • Excessive exposure to copper and zinc can lead to toxicity, neuronal excitability, and genotoxicity.

Conclusions:

  • Zinc and copper exhibit dual biological functions, complicating their roles in health and disease.
  • Dysregulation of zinc and copper contributes to diseases like diabetes and dementia.
  • Despite antagonistic relationships, they synergistically support cellular antioxidant defense systems.