On-demand drug delivery with wireless technology

On-demand drug delivery systems (DDS) offer precise control over therapeutic agents' timing, location, and dosage, enabling treatment tailored to individual patient needs. In particular, wireless on-demand DDS overcomes the limitations of wired connections by using external stimuli-such as electric fields, magnetic fields, ultrasound, microwaves, and near-infrared (NIR) light-to trigger drug release remotely. This approach allows real-time dose adjustment, improves patient compliance, and reduces hospital visits, particularly for chronic diseases. Advances in nanomaterials, implantable microdevices, and wireless communication technologies have facilitated the integration of sensors, responsive polymers, and microelectronics into modular platforms for targeted therapy. This review highlights clinical applications, including NIR-triggered nanoparticles for cancer therapy, glucose-sensitive systems for insulin delivery, and seizure-responsive neurotherapeutics. While these strategies promise to enhance therapeutic efficacy and minimize side effects, challenges persist in large-scale manufacturing, regulatory approval, and cyber-physical security. The integration of smart materials, wireless power transfer, and closed-loop control systems with nano-bio-interface holds significant potential to transform personalized medicine, enabling patient-specific drug delivery in the near future.