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Upper lip elevation in autonomous maximal smile: A three-dimensional facial imaging study.

Ruiting Ren1, Xu Zhang1, Yutong Chen1

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Summary

Three-dimensional (3D) facial imaging precisely measured upper lip elevation (ULE) during an autonomous maximal smile (AMS). Findings provide normative references for orthodontic treatment and aesthetic procedures.

Keywords:
Gummy smileLipSmile estheticsThree-dimensional imaging

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Area of Science:

  • Orthodontics
  • 3D Facial Imaging
  • Aesthetic Procedures

Background:

  • Three-dimensional (3D) facial images of autonomous maximal smile (AMS) are valuable for creating virtual orthodontic patients.
  • Understanding upper lip elevation (ULE) in AMS is crucial for orthodontic applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate upper lip elevation (ULE) in Chinese adults and adolescents during an autonomous maximal smile (AMS) using 3D facial imaging.
  • To establish normative references for ULE in different sex and age groups.

Main Methods:

  • 212 Chinese participants (male/female adults/adolescents) underwent 3D facial imaging.
  • Measurements included upper lip length (ULL), philtrum length (PL), upper vermilion height (UVH), ULE, and upper lip elevation ratio (ULER).
  • Cephalometric analysis assessed maxillary incisor exposure and upper lip thickness.

Main Results:

  • Male adults had longer resting ULL than female adults, attributed to longer philtrum.
  • Upper lip length in AMS (ULL@AMS) differed significantly between male and female adults.
  • Upper lip elevation (ULE) and upper lip elevation ratio (ULER) showed correlations with resting ULL and lip thickness.

Conclusions:

  • 3D imaging enabled precise measurement of ULL, ULL@AMS, and ULE across diverse demographic groups.
  • This study provides preliminary normative data for ULE in AMS, beneficial for orthodontic and aesthetic treatments.