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Ions and Ionic Charges03:27

Ions and Ionic Charges

78.8K
In ordinary chemical reactions, the nucleus — which contains the protons and neutrons of each atom and thus identifies the element — remains unchanged. Electrons, however, can be added to atoms by transfer from other atoms, lost by transfer to other atoms, or shared with other atoms. The transfer and sharing of electrons among atoms govern the chemistry of the elements. During the formation of some compounds, atoms gain or lose electrons to form electrically charged particles called...
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Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge02:54

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge

26.6K
An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
26.6K
Formal Charges02:42

Formal Charges

40.1K
In some cases, there are seemingly more than one valid Lewis structures for molecules and polyatomic ions. The concept of formal charges can be used to help predict the most appropriate Lewis structure when more than one reasonable structure exists.
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Ion Channels01:19

Ion Channels

91.2K
The movement of ions like sodium, potassium, and calcium into and out of the cell is essential to maintain the electrochemical gradient in living cells. The ion channels—a class of membrane transport proteins—help maintain this ionic gradient for the smooth functioning of physiological activities such as maintaining cell size and volume, conducting nerve impulses, and gas and nutrient exchange.
Ion channels are specialized integral membrane proteins on the plasma membrane that allow...
91.2K
Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge03:08

Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge

61.8K
The elements in groups of the periodic table exhibit similar chemical behavior. This similarity occurs because the members of a group have the same number and distribution of electrons in their valence shells.
61.8K
Ions as Acids and Bases02:54

Ions as Acids and Bases

26.2K
Salts with Acidic Ions
Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions, either of which may be capable of undergoing an acid or base ionization reaction with water. Aqueous salt solutions, therefore, may be acidic, basic, or neutral, depending on the relative acid-base strengths of the salt’s constituent ions. For example, dissolving the ammonium chloride in water results in its dissociation, as described by the equation:
26.2K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Three-electrode Coin Cell Preparation and Electrodeposition Analytics for Lithium-ion Batteries
10:41

Three-electrode Coin Cell Preparation and Electrodeposition Analytics for Lithium-ion Batteries

Published on: May 22, 2018

38.8K

Mapping Out Fast Charging Safe Limits for High-Loading Lithium-Ion Cells by High-Fidelity Operando Microscopy.

Rajeev K Gopal1, Bingyuan Ma2, Peng Bai1,2

  • 1Department of Energy Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|January 23, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a method to observe lithium plating in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) using transparent micro-batteries. This allows for a 54% increase in charging capacity before plating occurs, enhancing battery safety and performance.

Keywords:
ether‐based electrolytesfast low‐temperature charginglithium platinglithium‐ion battery safetyoperando microscopy

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Focused Ion Beam Fabrication of LiPON-based Solid-state Lithium-ion Nanobatteries for In Situ Testing
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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) dominate energy storage but face challenges in cycle life and safety due to lithium plating during fast charging.
  • Lithium plating causes irreversible capacity loss and can lead to thermal runaway, posing significant safety risks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a direct and accurate method for detecting the onset of lithium plating in realistic battery configurations.
  • To improve the safety and performance of lithium-ion batteries by enabling faster charging without compromising cycle life.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of transparent micro-LIBs in glass capillaries to mimic practical cell geometry.
  • Utilizing operando microscopy for direct, non-damaging observation of lithium plating.
  • Testing with an ether-based electrolyte and validating findings in coin cells with commercial materials.

Main Results:

  • Direct observation of minute lithium plating, overcoming limitations of traditional electron or X-ray techniques.
  • Demonstrated up to a 54% improvement in charging capacity before lithium plating onset using an ether-based electrolyte.
  • Successfully replicated improved charging capacity in coin cells, confirming practical applicability.

Conclusions:

  • Transparent micro-LIBs offer a viable platform for studying lithium plating dynamics.
  • The findings enable the development of battery management systems for safe fast charging by providing a performance map based on temperature and charging rate.
  • This research contributes to enhancing the cycle life and safety of lithium-ion batteries.