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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Qualitative and Quantitative Validation of Tools with Rating Scales Aimed at Assessing the Quality of University Service-Learning
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Development and Validation of the Adaptive Eating Scale: Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analyses.

Sheida Zeraattalab-Motlagh1, Margit Wiesner2, Cynthia Yoon3

  • 1Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.

American Journal of Health Promotion : AJHP
|January 23, 2026
PubMed
Summary

A new Adaptive Eating Scale (AES) was developed and validated for US college students. The AES measures enjoyment of food, honoring hunger, and gentle nutrition, showing good psychometric properties.

Keywords:
UScollege studentscross-sectionaleating behaviorvalidity

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Area of Science:

  • Nutrition Science
  • Psychology
  • Health Behavior

Background:

  • Adaptive eating, an internally regulated and enjoyable eating pattern, is gaining interest.
  • No validated scale currently exists to measure adaptive eating in US college students.
  • Developing a reliable scale is crucial for understanding and promoting healthy eating behaviors in this demographic.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and psychometrically evaluate the Adaptive Eating Scale (AES) for US college students aged 18 years and older.
  • To assess the reliability and validity of the AES in a diverse student population.
  • To establish a tool for measuring adaptive eating constructs.

Main Methods:

  • A 37-item AES was developed and administered to 849 diverse US university students.
  • Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were used to determine the scale's factor structure.
  • The AES was correlated with measures of intuitive eating, mental health, diet, and anthropometrics.

Main Results:

  • EFA identified 17 items across four factors: gentle nutrition (GN), unpreoccupied by food cravings (UBFC), enjoyment of food (EOF), and honoring hunger (HH), explaining 63.1% of variance.
  • CFA confirmed a bifactor model with excellent fit, comprising one global factor and four orthogonal factors (GN, UBFC, EOF, HH).
  • GN, EOF, and HH demonstrated reliability and significant associations with intuitive eating, emotional eating, weight status, and mental health.

Conclusions:

  • The Adaptive Eating Scale (AES) is a psychometrically sound, multidimensional measure for assessing adaptive eating in college students.
  • The AES includes a general adaptive eating factor and specific factors for GN, EOF, and HH.
  • This validated scale can facilitate further research into adaptive eating behaviors and their correlates in young adults.