Breaking the cycle between loneliness and problematic pornography use: A group-based physical exercise intervention

The rise of loneliness in the modern era has been increasingly linked to interactive internet use, with problematic pornography use (PPU) emerging as a significant concern. Drawing on coping theory and the incentive motivation model, researchers suggest that loneliness and PPU often co-occur. With loneliness emerging as a public health concern and PPU gaining diagnostic recognition, addressing both issues is critical. This study explored the relationship between loneliness and PPU and evaluated the effectiveness of a group-based physical exercise (GBPE) approach in mitigating these challenges. Four studies were conducted. Study 1 (n = 351) found positive cross-sectional relationships between loneliness and PPU. Study 2 (n = 103) employed a cross-lagged panel design, revealing loneliness as a causal factor for increased PPU. Study 3 (n = 28) developed a 4-week moderate-intensity GBPE programme, demonstrating its potential to reduce loneliness, PPU and disrupt their associations. Study 4 (n = 92) replicated the intervention, comparing GBPE with individual exercise and a control group. Results highlighted GBPE's protective effect, preventing worsening loneliness and PPU over time. While GBPE did not produce significant reductions in loneliness and PPU, it effectively halted their progression, unlike the control group, where both significantly increased. Future research could explore underlying mechanisms and refine the programme for greater effectiveness.