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The Carbon Cycle01:14

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Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among living organisms, and one in which carbon is cycled over long periods of time through fossilized organic remains, weathering of rocks, and volcanic activity. Human activities, including increased agricultural practices and the burning of fossil fuels, has greatly affected the balance of the natural carbon cycle.
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Life on Earth is carbon-based, as all macromolecules that make up living organisms contain carbon atoms. All organic compounds have a carbon backbone. Each carbon atom is tetravalent and can bond with four other atoms, making it an extraordinarily flexible component of biological molecules. Because carbon’s valence electrons are stable, it rarely becomes an ion. As the carbon chain increases in length, structural modifications such as ring structures, double bonds, and branching side...
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Atmospheric CO2 penetrates the concrete's pores and, in the presence of moisture, forms carbonic acid, which then reacts with calcium hydroxide in the hydrated cement, forming calcium carbonate. This process reduces the concrete's volume and is termed carbonation shrinkage.
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Carbon dioxide fixation in prokaryotes enables the assimilation of inorganic carbon into organic molecules, supporting biosynthetic pathways, sustaining ecosystems, and contributing to the global carbon cycle. It also has industrial applications in carbon capture and bioproduct synthesis. Autotrophic organisms rely on this process to utilize CO₂ as a carbon source in diverse environments.The Calvin CycleThe Calvin cycle is the most widespread carbon fixation mechanism, primarily used by...
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Carbon dioxide (CO2) transport in the blood is critical to human physiology. On average, our body cells produce around 200 mL of CO2 per minute, precisely the quantity expelled by the lungs. This process involves the transportation of CO2 from the tissue cells to the lungs in three primary forms.
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Measuring Carbon Content in Airway Macrophages Exposed to Carbon-Containing Particulate Matters
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Measuring Carbon Content in Airway Macrophages Exposed to Carbon-Containing Particulate Matters

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Cocrystallisation with carbon.

Jogirdas Vainauskas1,2, Tomislav Friščić1,2

  • 1School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B152TT, UK. t.friscic@bham.ac.uk.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
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Carbon

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Area of Science:

  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Materials Chemistry
  • Organic Synthesis

Background:

  • Carbon's role in supramolecular interactions is underexplored compared to nitrogen and oxygen.
  • Existing research often overlooks carbon-based moieties as key interaction sites.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review opportunities for designing multi-component crystals (cocrystals) using carbon-based recognition sites.
  • To highlight the significance of halogen bonding and C-H⋯π interactions involving carbon.
  • To showcase carbon's role in solid-state supramolecular chemistry.

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical and recent literature on carbon in cocrystallisation.
  • Focus on non-substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), single-carbon functionalities (isonitriles, carbenes), and elemental carbon (fullerenes).
  • Emphasis on halogen bonding and C-H⋯π interactions.

Main Results:

  • Carbon-based moieties, including PAHs, isonitriles, carbenes, and fullerenes, can be effectively utilized in cocrystal design.
  • Halogen bonding and C-H⋯π interactions are crucial for recognizing carbon-based recognition sites.
  • Applications range from fundamental research and materials design to biomolecular recognition and extraterrestrial geology.

Conclusions:

  • Carbon plays a significant, yet often underestimated, role in solid-state supramolecular chemistry and cocrystallisation.
  • Designing interactions with carbon moieties opens new avenues in materials science and beyond.
  • Further exploration of carbon's supramolecular capabilities is warranted for diverse applications.