[Microplastic and skin-an update]

Microplastics (MPs) are polymeric particles ranging from 1-5000 µm in size; while a rather limited share is intentionally manufactured, the majority is generated through abrasion during plastic use or results from environmental fragmentation of larger plastic pieces. These persistent emerging pollutants potentially harm fauna, flora, and humans. Nanoplastics (NPs) comprise identical materials but are smaller than 1 µm (1000 nm); due to their small size, they potentially cross epithelial barriers.

Outlining occurrence and biological effects of micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) on skin and mucosa and its environmental dermatologic relevance.

Literature search using PubMed and Google Scholar regarding the terms 'microplastics', 'nanoplastics', 'skin' and "cutan*" without time limit to provide a narrative review.

The in vivo effects of MNPs on cutaneous physiology remain largely unknown. However, environmental MNPs may carry harmful chemicals and pathogens and there is in vitro evidence indicating proinflammatory and cytotoxic effects as well as promoting senescence.

Experimental approaches investigating MNP effects on skin health face significant limitations and implementation challenges. Given the ubiquitous environmental occurrence of MNP particles, extensive research is warranted to understand their occurrence, fate, and skin health impacts.