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Incomplete lineage sorting shaped mixed traits during a colobine primate radiation.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) explains mixed traits in Asian primates, not hybrid speciation. This process shaped gene evolution, driving phenotypic diversity and impacting primate phylogeny.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Genomics
  • Primate genetics

Background:

  • Rapidly diversifying lineages can exhibit mixed traits due to hybrid speciation, gene flow, or incomplete lineage sorting (ILS).
  • Quantifying these processes impacting phenotypic variation remains challenging.
  • Two sister genera of endangered Asian primates, *Trachypithecus* and *Semnopithecus*, were studied to understand trait evolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To clarify the evolutionary relationships of the *Trachypithecus pileatus* group with other *Trachypithecus* species.
  • To determine the cause of morphological similarities between *T. pileatus* and *Semnopithecus*.
  • To investigate the role of ILS in shaping phenotypic diversity and gene evolution.

Main Methods:

  • De novo genome assembly of *Trachypithecus pileatus*.
  • Integrated phylogenomic analyses.
  • Identification and functional experiments of genes within ILS-affected genomic segments.

Main Results:

  • Phylogenomic analyses clarified the evolutionary position of the *T. pileatus* group.
  • Morphological similarities between *T. pileatus* and *Semnopithecus* were attributed to ILS, not gene flow or hybrid speciation.
  • ILS accounted for 8.9% of whole genome segments in *T. pileatus*, involving 77 genes (e.g., *FGFBP1*, *FOXO1*) linked to bone development.
  • *FGFBP1* genotypes shared between the groups enhanced osteogenic capability, potentially explaining similarities in body size and skull morphology.

Conclusions:

  • Incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) is a significant driver of mixed traits and phenotypic diversity in rapidly diverging primate lineages.
  • ILS has shaped evolution within gene-regulatory networks, impacting primate phylogeny.
  • ILS is more prevalent than previously recognized and crucial for accurate phylogenetic assessments of closely related taxa.