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Updated: Jan 25, 2026

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Measuring visual discomfort - a novel two-step method for reducing criterion effects when measuring subjective

Alasdair D F Clarke1, Louise O'Hare2, Paul B Hibbard3

  • 1University of Essex, United Kingdom.

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|January 23, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Measuring visual discomfort is challenging. A new intuitive method effectively scales subjective discomfort, reducing individual biases and yielding reliable data in both lab and real-world settings.

Keywords:
Binary classificationMagnitude estimatesPhase modulationSpatial frequencySubjective judgements

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Vision Science
  • Human Factors

Background:

  • Visual discomfort is a subjective experience, posing measurement challenges due to individual variability and the need for efficient data collection.
  • Existing methods struggle with calibrating subjective judgments across participants and in ecologically valid environments.
  • Understanding factors contributing to visual discomfort is crucial for improving visual experiences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce an intuitive participant-driven method for measuring visual discomfort, minimizing criterion effects and maximizing data efficiency.
  • To investigate the influence of cortical hyperexcitability (spatial frequency) and ambiguous motion signals (phase modulation) on visual discomfort.
  • To validate the proposed measurement method in both controlled laboratory and real-world settings.

Main Methods:

  • Developed an intuitive binary estimation method to scale subjective magnitude estimations of visual discomfort.
  • Applied Bayesian statistical methods to analyze discomfort judgments.
  • Collected data from 34 observers in controlled lab environments and 47 observers in real-world settings.

Main Results:

  • The proposed intuitive method successfully reduced criterion effects and captured subjective discomfort magnitudes.
  • Both spatial frequency (cortical hyperexcitability) and phase modulation wavelength (ambiguous motion) significantly influenced visual discomfort judgments.
  • The findings were consistent across both controlled and real-world experimental conditions.

Conclusions:

  • The novel intuitive method provides a robust and efficient way to measure visual discomfort, adaptable to various settings.
  • Cortical hyperexcitability and ambiguous motion are key factors contributing to visual discomfort.
  • This approach enhances the ecological validity of visual discomfort research and has implications for understanding individual differences.