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State and County Trends in Florida's Extreme Risk Protection Order Implementation: A Descriptive Policy Analysis.

Julie A Ward1, Grace E Bebarta2, Elizabeth D Wagner3

  • 1Department of Medicine, Health, and Society, Vanderbilt College of Arts and Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Program in Public Policy Studies, Vanderbilt College of Arts and Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.

American Journal of Preventive Medicine
|January 23, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Extreme Risk Protection Orders (ERPOs) saw increased use over time, but petitioning rates varied significantly by county and race. Black residents in some Florida counties experienced ERPO petitioning at rates comparable to or higher than White residents.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Criminology
  • Sociology

Background:

  • Extreme Risk Protection Order (ERPO) statutes enable temporary firearm removal during periods of extreme harm risk.
  • Previous research indicated frequent ERPO use among White men, but population-level rates remained underexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze county-specific frequency and rates of ERPO petitioning.
  • To examine ERPO petitioning demographics across Florida during the initial 3.8 years of policy implementation.

Main Methods:

  • Data from 8,611 ERPO petitions filed between March 2018 and December 2021 in 65 Florida counties were analyzed.
  • Respondent demographics (age, gender, race/ethnicity) were aggregated by county-year.
  • Petitioning rates per 100,000 resident-years were calculated and mapped by county tertiles (low, moderate, high use).

Main Results:

  • ERPO petitioning generally increased statewide over the study period.
  • While statewide rates were higher for White residents, Black residents in low-use counties had comparable rates, and in moderate-to-high use counties in 2021, rates were similar or higher.
  • ERPOs were rarely applied to women, older adults, and residents in one-third of Florida counties.

Conclusions:

  • Despite increased overall usage, the per capita rarity and uneven distribution of ERPO petitioning suggest disparate policy implementation.
  • These disparities may hinder the achievement of ERPO's intended public safety effects.