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Updated: Jan 25, 2026

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Field Strength-Dependent White Matter R1 and R2 Anisotropy of Phase-Cycled Balanced Steady-State Free Precession

Florian Birk1,2, Hamzeh Tesh1, Ali Aghaeifar1

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Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
|January 23, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Relaxation rates (R2) and asymmetry indices (AI) in white matter (WM) show strong orientation dependence, increasing with field strength. Susceptibility effects drive R2 anisotropy at ultra-high fields, with other mechanisms contributing at lower fields.

Keywords:
brain tissue anisotropyorientation dependencephase‐cycled bSSFPrelaxometryspin walkwhite matter

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Area of Science:

  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
  • Neuroimaging
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Phase-cycled balanced steady-state free precession (pc-bSSFP) is a valuable MRI technique.
  • Understanding white matter (WM) microstructure is crucial for diagnosing neurological conditions.
  • Relaxation rates (R1, R2) and asymmetry indices (AI) provide insights into tissue properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the orientation dependence of R1, R2, and AI in WM fiber tracts.
  • To determine how this dependence changes with magnetic field strength (3T and 9.4T).
  • To explore the underlying mechanisms, including susceptibility effects and magic angle effects.

Main Methods:

  • Acquired pc-bSSFP data in the healthy human brain at 3T and 9.4T.
  • Processed data using motion-insensitive rapid configuration relaxometry (MIRACLE) and frequency response analysis.
  • Estimated fractional anisotropy (FA) and fiber-to-field angle (θ) from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI).

Main Results:

  • R2 and AI exhibited significant orientation dependence, while R1 showed a weaker but noticeable dependence.
  • Anisotropy increased systematically from 3T to 9.4T.
  • Susceptibility effects were found to be the primary driver of R2 anisotropy at ultra-high fields (9.4T).

Conclusions:

  • Microstructure-driven relaxation anisotropy significantly impacts pc-bSSFP relaxometry, especially R2.
  • R2 anisotropy is predominantly driven by susceptibility at ultra-high fields.
  • Additional mechanisms likely contribute to R2 anisotropy at lower field strengths.