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Related Concept Videos

Obedience01:08

Obedience

According to obedience research, we may harm others under the forceful pressures of an authority figure (Milgram, 1974). How about if the inappropriate orders were delivered with less force? The increasing interdependence between nurses and physicians compelled Hofling and his colleagues to explore nurses’ reactions to a potentially harmful medical request made by the perceived authority figure, the doctor (Hofling, Brotzman, Dalrymple, Graves, & Pierce, 1966). In this situation, obedience...
Confidence Intervals01:21

Confidence Intervals

An unbiased point estimate is often insufficient to predict a population estimate, such as population mean or population proportion. In this scenario, a confidence interval is used. A confidence interval is an estimate similar to a sample proportion. However, unlike the point estimate which is a single value, the confidence interval contains a range of values. These values have lower and upper limits, known as confidence limits, and can be designated as L1 and L2, respectively.
A confidence...
Interpretation of Confidence Intervals01:19

Interpretation of Confidence Intervals

A confidence interval is a better estimate of the population than a point estimate, as it uses a range of values from a sample instead of a single value.
Confidence intervals have confidence coefficients that are crucial for their interpretation. The most common confidence coefficients are 0.90, 0.95, and 0.99, which can be written as percentages–90%, 95%, and 99%, respectively.
Suppose a person calculates a confidence interval with a confidence coefficient of 0.95. In that case, they can...
Confidence Coefficient01:24

Confidence Coefficient

The confidence coefficient is also known as the confidence level or degree of confidence. It is the percent expression for the probability, 1-α, that the confidence interval contains the true population parameter assuming that the confidence interval is obtained after sufficient unbiased sampling; for example, if the CL = 90%, then in 90 out of 100 samples the interval estimate will enclose the true population parameter. Here α is the area under the curve, distributed equally under both the...
Uncertainty: Confidence Intervals00:54

Uncertainty: Confidence Intervals

The confidence interval is the range of values around the mean that contains the true mean. It is expressed as a probability percentage. The interpretation of a 95% confidence interval, for instance, is that the statistician is 95% confident that the true mean falls within the interval. The upper and lower limits of this range are known as confidence limits. The confidence limits for the true mean are estimated from the sample's mean, the standard deviation, and the statistical factor 't,' or...
Sources of Self-Esteem II: Performance Feedback01:24

Sources of Self-Esteem II: Performance Feedback

Self-esteem is intricately tied to our perception of competence and our ability to exert control over our lives. One of the primary sources of this perception is performance feedback — the ongoing evaluation of our actions in terms of success and failure. According to Franks and Marolla (1976), people derive self-worth from experiencing themselves as causal agents, capable of achieving goals and overcoming obstacles. This process nurtures a critical component of self-esteem: self-efficacy,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Setting Up a Stroke Team Algorithm and Conducting Simulation-based Training in the Emergency Department - A Practical Guide
09:52

Setting Up a Stroke Team Algorithm and Conducting Simulation-based Training in the Emergency Department - A Practical Guide

Published on: January 15, 2017

Undermining Confidence: Examining Trainees' Perspectives on Confidence in General Surgery.

Meghna Kurup1, Dawn Elfenbein2, Claire Wendland3

  • 1General Surgery PGY-2, Department of Surgery, Hennepin Healthcare, 730 S 8th St, Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Journal of Surgical Education
|January 24, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Confidence in surgery is complex and influenced by gender. Women and non-White trainees face social costs for confidence, and stereotypes undermine it. Dialogue on intersectional identities is crucial for fair evaluation.

Keywords:
confidencegendersurgical educationtrainee evaluation

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Last Updated: Jul 19, 2026

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09:52

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Education
  • Surgical Training
  • Qualitative Research

Background:

  • Confidence is vital for general surgeons in high-pressure environments.
  • Previous research has not clearly defined trainee confidence or its link to gendered social norms.
  • Understanding trainee confidence is crucial for effective surgical education.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine general surgery trainees' perspectives on confidence.
  • To define the relationship between confidence and gender among surgical trainees.
  • To explore how gender and other identities impact confidence in surgical training.

Main Methods:

  • Qualitative study using anonymous online surveys and semi-structured interviews.
  • Grounded theory approach with iterative thematic coding for interview data.
  • Purposive sampling of general surgery residents and medical students.

Main Results:

  • Confidence definitions varied and were linked to gendered behaviors.
  • Women and non-White trainees experienced social costs for displaying confidence.
  • Gender stereotypes negatively impacted trainee confidence.

Conclusions:

  • Perceptions of confidence are intertwined with cultural attitudes.
  • Avoid using perceived confidence as a sole evaluation metric.
  • Promote open dialogue on how intersectional identities affect confidence in surgical training.