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Related Concept Videos

Drug Delivery: Overview01:16

Drug Delivery: Overview

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The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral delivery involves administering drugs directly through swallowing, sublingual placement, or buccal application. Orally administered drugs predominantly navigate the...
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Drug Delivery: Enteral Route01:18

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The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
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Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route01:29

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The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
There are three primary parenteral routes: intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC). The IV route introduces the drug directly into the bloodstream, ensuring immediate action. The IM route...
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Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
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Intelligence01:27

Intelligence

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The term "intelligence" is complex because it refers to both behavior and individuals, and its interpretation varies across cultures. European Americans tend to link intelligence with reasoning and cognitive skills, while in Kenya, it is tied to responsible participation in family and social life. In Uganda, intelligence is seen as the ability to know the right actions and carry them out effectively, while the Iatmul people of Papua New Guinea associate it with the capacity to remember...
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Machines01:19

Machines

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Machines are complex structures consisting of movable, pin-connected multi-force members that work together to transmit forces. One example of a machine is the cutting plier, which is used to cut wires by applying forces to its handles. When equal and opposite forces are exerted on the handles of the cutting plier, they cause the cutting edges to come together and apply equal and opposite reaction forces on the wire, which are greater than the applied forces.
A free-body diagram of the...
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Artificial intelligence and machine learning guided optimization in drug delivery.

Helena Ros1, Natasha Chan1, Michael T Cook1

  • 1UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom.

Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews
|January 24, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) offer advanced solutions for optimizing drug delivery systems. These data-driven approaches accelerate development, reduce experiments, and uncover novel formulations for better therapeutic outcomes.

Keywords:
Artificial IntelligenceBayesian optimisationMachine LearningOptimisationSelf-driving labs

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Computational Chemistry
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Drug delivery system optimization faces challenges due to complexity, high dimensionality, and multi-objective requirements.
  • Traditional methods struggle with modern drug delivery problems, necessitating advanced approaches.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the transformative impact of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) on drug formulation science.
  • To provide an overview of ML-guided optimization workflows and their applications in drug delivery.

Main Methods:

  • Exploration of AI/ML techniques including surrogate modeling, Bayesian optimization, active learning, and multi-objective optimization.
  • Critical examination of applications across various drug delivery modalities.

Main Results:

  • AI and ML enable data-driven, adaptive, and efficient optimization strategies for drug delivery.
  • These methods accelerate formulation development, reduce experimental burden, and identify novel design spaces.

Conclusions:

  • AI and ML are revolutionizing rational drug design and the optimization of advanced drug delivery systems.
  • Future directions include integrating AI into pharmaceutical R&D, leading to self-driving laboratories.