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Related Concept Videos

Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
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Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

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The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
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Histone Variants at the Centromere02:30

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Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3...
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Behavioral approaches have often been criticized for ignoring mental processes and focusing solely on observable behavior. However, these approaches provide an optimistic perspective for individuals seeking to change their behaviors. Rather than concentrating on intrinsic personality traits, behavioral approaches suggest that even longstanding habits can be modified by changing the reward contingencies that maintain them.
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Detection of Histone Modifications in Plant Leaves
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Reprogramming host histone modifications by bacterial pathogens.

Shira Zelikman1, Sun-Ju Yi1, Kyunghwan Kim1

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea.

Molecules and Cells
|January 25, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bacterial pathogens manipulate host epigenetic regulation to ensure survival. Pathogens alter host chromatin, influencing gene expression to evade immune responses and establish persistent infections.

Keywords:
Bacterial pathogenHost and microbe interactionHost histone modification

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Epigenetics
  • Host-Pathogen Interactions

Background:

  • Bacterial pathogens employ diverse strategies to manipulate host cells.
  • Epigenetic regulation is increasingly recognized as crucial in host-pathogen interactions.
  • Pathogens can directly modify histones or indirectly alter epigenetic states.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in understanding bacterial manipulation of host chromatin.
  • To highlight the role of epigenetic reprogramming in infection outcomes.
  • To summarize mechanisms by which bacteria exploit host epigenetic regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on bacterial virulence and host epigenetic regulation.
  • Analysis of mechanisms of direct and indirect epigenetic modulation by pathogens.
  • Synthesis of findings on the impact of epigenetic changes on host responses.

Main Results:

  • Pathogens utilize bacterial effector proteins to directly modify histones.
  • Bacteria indirectly influence host epigenetics by altering signaling pathways and metabolism.
  • These epigenetic alterations reshape host transcriptional programs, affecting immune responses and infection persistence.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetic reprogramming by bacterial pathogens is a key factor in determining infection outcomes.
  • Understanding these epigenetic interactions is vital for developing novel therapeutic strategies.
  • The dynamic interplay between bacterial virulence and host chromatin regulation offers new insights into infectious diseases.